Citation & References

JKAHS uses the Vancouver system as specified by the Citing Medicine. Only articles, datasets and abstracts that have  been published or are in press, or are available through public e-print/preprint servers, may be cited; unpublished abstracts, unpublished data and personal communications should not be included in the reference list, but may be included in the text and referred to as "unpublished observations" or "personal communications" giving the names of the involved researchers. Obtaining permission to quote personal communications and unpublished data from the cited colleagues is the responsibility of the author. 

Citation in the text of the manuscript:
All the references used in any manuscript should be cited in the text. The citation should be numerals in the order of their appearance in the main text of the manuscript (without superscript) with large brackets [..] before full stop like this [1,2], [1-3], [2,8,10-13].

Citing one author: If you want to cite single research work in your manuscript, you may write in this way;  For example, 
Recent research1 indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing. 

Citing more than one piece of work at the same time: If you want to cite several pieces of work in the same sentence, you will need to include the citation number for each piece of work. A hyphen should be used to link numbers which are inclusive, and a comma used where numbers are not consecutive. The following is an example where works 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 and 15 have been cited in the same place in the text. For example, 
Several studies have examined the effect of congestion charging in urban areas [6-9,13,15].  

Citing the author’s name in your text: You can use the author’s name in your text, but you must insert the citation number as well. For example:
As emphasized by Watkins [2] carers of diabetes sufferers require perseverance and an understanding of humanity. 

Citing more than one author’s name in your text: If a work has more than one author and you want to cite author names in your text, use ‘et al.’ after the first author. For example:
Sharma et al. state that the principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and understood by many practising engineers’ [3]. 

Citing from works with no obvious author: If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an obvious author, you should use what is called a ‘corporate’ author. For example, many online works will not have individually named authors, and in many cases, the author will be an organization or company. Using the Vancouver style you don’t have to include the author in your citation in the text of your work, but you still need to include an author in the full reference at the end of your work. For example,
A national strategy is creating a framework to drive improvements in dementia services [6]. If you are unable to find either a named or corporate author, you should use ‘Anon’ as the author name. 

Citing from chapters written by different authors: Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book. 

Secondary referencing: Secondary references are when an author refers to another author’s work and the primary source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author of the work it was cited in should be used. For example:
According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo as cited by Holding et al. most patients given opiates do not become addicted to such drugs [7]. 

Citing a direct quotation: If a satement is directly quoted from a book, article, etc., you must use single quotation marks, and State the page number whereas double quotation marks are usually used for quoting direct speech. For example,
Simons et al. state that the principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and understood by many practising engineers’ [3]. 

Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/photograph/figure/picture: You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams, tables, figures or pictures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work. They should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers are shown; both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced, and in the caption you write for it. For example:
In-text citation: Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (8: p.22). or ‘Geological map of the easternmost region of São Nicolau’ (9: p.532). 

LISTING REFERENCES:
The references that have been cited in the text are listed in the same order using Arabic numerals and following the Vancouver style as specified by the Citing Medicine. Hyperlinked DOI should be present at the end of each reference whenever available.
For example:
Amgain K, Subedi P, Yadav GK, Neupane S, Khadka S, Sapkota SD. Association of Anthropometric Indices with Menstrual Abnormality among Nursing Students of Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Obes. 2022;20(22):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6755436. 

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EXAMPLES

  1. JOURNAL ARTICLE: Author(s). Article title. Journal Name (abbreviated). Year; Volume(Issue):page range. URL of DOI [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
    Amgain K, Subedi P, Yadav GK, Neupane S, Khadka S, Sapkota SD. Association of Anthropometric Indices with Menstrual Abnormality among Nursing Students of Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Obesity. 2022;20(22):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6755436
  1. BOOK (in print): Author(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year.
    Examples 1: Watkins PJ. ABC of Diabetes. 5th ed. London: Blackwell Publishing; 2003.
    Examples 2: Malamed SF. Handbook of local anesthesia. 7thed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2020.                 
       
    3. BOOK CHAPTER (in Print): Author(s). Title of chapter. In: Editor(s), editors. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Page range.
    Example: Darden L. Mechanisms and models. In: Hull DL, Ruse M, editors. The Cambridge companion to the philosophy of biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008. p. 139–159.
  2. BOOK (online or electrotonic): Author(s). Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. [Accessed on: Date] [Available from: Weblink]
    Example:     Grech ED. ABC of interventional cardiology. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley blackwell; 2011. [Cited 2017 July 6] Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/imperial/detail. action?docID=822522. 
  3. WEBSITE: Author(s)/Organisation. Title of webpage [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of original publication OR Year of Copyright [updated year month day; cited year month day]. Available from: URL.
    Example 0. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antiplatelet treatment: management [Internet]. London: NICE; c2018 [updated 2018 Jun; cited 2018 Sep 28]. Available from: https://cks.nice.org.uk/antiplatelet-treatment.

Examples: 1. Marchildon GP, DiMatteo L. Health care cost drivers: the facts [Internet]. Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2011 Oct [cited 2015 Jan 15]. Available from: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/health_care_cost_drivers_the_facts_en.pdf

Example 2: Statistics Canada. The Canadian population in 2011: age and sex [Internet]. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2015 [cited 2016 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/censusrecensement/2011/as-sa/98-311-x/98-311-x2011001-eng.cfm

Example 3: Canadian Dental Hygienists Association. Our history [Internet]. Ottawa: CDHA; 2018 [cited 2019 Sep 16]. Available from: https://www.cdha.ca/cdha/About_folder/History_folder/CDHA/About/History.aspx?hkey=065b136f-72d3-4a84-a7aa-51cc7b519cd5

  1. REPORT: Author(s). Title [Internet]. Year [cited Date]. Available from: URL
    Example: Cancer Research UK. Current research into breast cancer [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Feb 14]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/our-research/our-research-by-cancer-type/our-research-into-breast-cancer/current-breast-cancer-research
  2. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE:Author's Surname INITIALS. Title of article. Newspaper title. Date;Section: (column).
    Example 1:Levine S. Obesity increase creating special needs. Miami Herald. 2006 Jan 4;Sect. A:1 (col. 1).
    Example 2: Tynan T. Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate. The Washington Post. 2002 Aug 12;Sect. A:2 (col. 4).
  3. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE (on the Internet):Author's Surname INITIALS. Title of article. Newspaper title [Internet]. Date of publication [cited Date];Section (if applicable). [pages]. Available from: URL

    Example:    Carey B. Psychiatrists revise the book of human troubles. New York Times [Internet]. 2008 Dec 17 [cited 2018 Oct 16];Health [about 3 p.]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/health/18psych.html?_r=1&em 

 Important Note:

Hyperlinked DOI (for example, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6755436) should be provided at the end of each reference available in internet. If DOI is not available, full weblink should be provided.

You can get DOI for each article from this link https://apps.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery

  1. After clicking the link, one box will appear. Copy all of your references and paste in to it.
  2. Then, click on submit. You will get all possible DOI
  3. Copy the available hyperlinked DOI from each reference and paste it at the end of each reference.

For more information and examples about citation and referencing, you can visit Citing Medicine, 2nd edition; The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers; Karen Patrias; Dan Wendling, Technical Editor. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/